JSC/JDC/Equivalent result 2012 will be published
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Freelance Job Sites
1. http://www.Odesk.com – ODesk is a one freelance job site. This site is a bidding style site where freelancers can build a profile, take skills tests and gain feedback and credibility. Hourly jobs are guaranteed payment on this site. There is no monthly fee. A simple 10% commission is exacted off of each contract.
2. https://www.elance.com – Elance charges a small fee to employers looking to post jobs. Freelancers have the option of selecting a free profile or paying a monthly fee for additional services. They offer an escrow service as well as dispute resolution.
3. http://jobs.freelanceswitch.com/- Freelance Switch offers a fully moderated job board to help you find freelance jobs in a variety of arenas like programming, web design, graphic design, writing and more. There is a small monthly free which is fully refundable within the first 30 days if the service does not meet expectations.
4. http://www.guru.com – Guru is the world’s largest freelance marketplace. They offer a unique escrow service that protects freelancers and their clients. Jobs are available in almost any freelance field imaginable like websites, photography, design, broadcasting, fashion, legal, accounting, writing and more. This is a great job hunting resource for all freelancers.
5. http://www.freelancejobs.org/professionals/ – This service offers a completely free job board. This means that neither the freelancer or the employer will have to pay a fee. This makes this resource a great money saving way to find jobs. There is work in almost any freelance category imaginable.
6. http://www.freelancejobopenings.com/ – This is a free job board with several job links for freelancers. Links to other freelance job sites are also available through this site.
7. http://www.writingbids.com/ – This site is a great way for freelance writers to stay on top of the many jobs available across the internet. Here you will find recent top postings from a variety of job boards including oDesk, Elance, GetAFreelancer.com and more. This site makes searching many writing jobs easier since you only have to visit one site.
8. http://www.graphicdesignbids.com/ – Graphic Design Bids.com is a haven for graphic designers. This site scours the web to provide you with top jobs from multiple sites. It makes finding the jobs you are interested in quick and easy. You can search several days or specifically have the site filter only positions new the current day.
9. http://www.simplyhired.com/a/jobs/list/q-freelance – Simply hired is actually just a regular job database. Freelancers however can search the database for jobs that are freelance only. Simple enter the word freelance into the search box for hundreds of listings. Simply Hired is a great place to find freelance work in your local area or jobs not regularly listed on auction style job boards.
10. http://www.krop.com – Krop is a great place to build an online portfolio and find jobs. Using their free site, you can upload work and create an ad free professional portfolio to show potential freelance clients. They have a great job board with tons of leads for designers, writers and more.
11. GetaCoder.com – This site has great resources for designers and programmers. There are also some great writing jobs as well. The site can be a bit difficult to navigate and get used to, however it worth the effort since getacoder.com can help freelancers land some really great positions.
12. http://www.2-popforums.com – 2 Pop Forums is a relatively new freelance site that specializing in helping freelancers in the film and cinematography field find work. Very few sites are specifically tailored to this field making this a great resource for freelancers looking to work in film. The forum is moderated and is for paid positions and internships only.
13. http://www.aboutfreelancewriting.com/category/freelance-writing-jobs-job-baord – About Freelance Writing posts a daily list of available jobs for freelance writers. This site is an excellent place to start a freelance writing career. They also provide links to tips about freelance writing and articles to help you start your journey.
14. http://www.bloggerjobs.biz/category/blogger-jobs Bloggerjobs is a job board dedicated solely to jobs for bloggers. The jobs found on this site are generally looking for an experienced freelance blogger with connections. If you are a freelance blogger, this site is a great place to search for job leads.
15. http://www.scriptlance.com – Scriptlance is the perfect job board for programmers. They have over 200 new projects posted daily to their easy to use web interface. If you are looking for freelance programming, design or even writing work- try this site.
16. http://www.peopleperhour.com/freelance_jobs_work_projects/listings This world wide market place offers jobs to freelancer in many countries. In fact, they currently have providers in over 150 countries. A lot of the jobs are in the UK and the bidding on the site is listed in pounds. It is possible to make money on this site, no matter your country.
17. http://www.freelancemachine.com/ – This site offers a completely job board for freelance professionals. It has a low monthly subscription fee, $5 and is regularly maintained and monitored. This job board eliminates the costly commissions that many sites take out of negotiated contracts.
18. http://jobs.freelanceq.com/a/jobs/find-jobs – Freelance Q offers freelance jobs in almost any freelance field imaginable. You may listings for freelance architects, videographers, makeup artists and more.
19. http://www.project4hire.com/ – Project 4 Hire is a freelance job board and bidding site. Freelancers can bid on jobs at no cost to them. Once a contract is accepted, the freelancer pays a 5% commission up front before starting work. The client can pay this fee on behalf of the freelancer if they choose. They offer an escrow service for a flat fee of $20 or payment can occur through other channels.
20. http://jobs.smashingmagazine.com/ – Freelance developers, web designers and graphic artists will find many high quality leads on this job board.
21. http://jobs.37signals.com/jobs – Freelance technical jobs can be found on the 37 Signals forum. Regular 9-5 jobs are listed here as well so make sure you only search through the freelance listings.
22. http://www.artypapers.com/jobpile/ – Jobpile creates a list from top websites on the internet. This makes searching a variety of boards simple since new listings are compiled into one place.
23. http://www.theidealcandidate.com/ – The ideal candidate offers a referral program that can help you make money when you refer jobs to their site. Of course you can also search freelance jobs for creative and technology freelance professionals.
24. http://www.allin1freelance.com/ – All in 1 Freelance is a great place for freelancers to find jobs and communicate with each other. The website is free to use and specializes in providing excellent service and support to their users.
25. http://www.graphicdesignfreelancejobs.com/ – Freelance graphic designers can search 1000s of great design jobs on this site specifically tailored to their needs.
26. http://www.flexjobs.com/ – Flex jobs offers more than just freelance listings. It also offers telecommute and other flexible positions. Freelancers can rely on the jobs found here since they are all hand screened and legitimate. It is only $14.95 per month of $49.95 per year.
27. http://www.freelancewriting.com/newsletters/morning-coffee-freelance-writing-jobs.php – Morning Coffee is a weekly newsletter published on Tuesdays that is filled with potential jobs for freelance writers. You can see it online or sign up to have it delivered via email each week.
28. http://www.writersmarket.com/ – Freelance Writers will find that the Writers Market book and website will provide the information needed to break into print, online and book publishing. This site is filled with valuable information for freelancers. Most of their jobs are unsolicited jobs meaning the freelancer will need to create ideas and query a publisher.
29. http://www.capitaltyping.com/employment-application – Freelancers looking for data entry jobs know that this market can be particularly fierce. Capital Typing is one of the premier providers of legitimate online data entry jobs. You can apply here to become a work from home provider for their company.
30. http://www.blogpostsforsale.com/ – Freelancers that want to make money blogging should check out this money making opportunity. Basically this site aims to unite bloggers and advertisers.
31. http://www.designcrowd.com/ – Freelance graphic designers can post their projects here and wait for interested clients to respond. Additionally they can respond to open requests by clients. Payment is issued via PayPal.
32. http://www.writerlance.com/ – This site connects freelance writers with buyers. There is no charge to use this service but each contract requires a 3% service fee or $3 whichever is greater.
33. http://www.freelancefree.com/search.php?showstatus=open – Freelance free is not one of the easiest to use or most attractive job boards available. It may have some good jobs for various freelancers looking for something a little different.
34. http://freelance.geekinterview.com/Data-Entry – This is great place to find freelance data entry jobs.
35. http://www.teamprojectsonly.com/ – Team Projects Only is especially aimed for freelance programmers. Technical writers and graphic designers may occasionally be able to find some good leads here as well too.
36. http://www.burryman.com/freelance.html – Freelance writers may find new job leads on the Burry Man Writers Center Job Leads Board.
37. http://www.trabajofreelance.com/ – Trabajo Freelance is a freelance site for those in Latin America. Spanish speaking freelancers may be able to find some good leads here.
38. http://www.freelanceindia.com/ – This site is the largest freelance site in India. Providers from across the world are welcome to find work here. The rates do tend to be lower than US sites however.
39. http://www.python.org/community/jobs/ – This job board is only Python programming jobs. They aren’t all freelance but occasionally jobs will come up for programmers with this specific skill set.
40. http://www.craigslist.org/about/sites – When using Craigslist to find freelance jobs, be careful. They aren’t always legitimate. However, many freelancers find that this is a great often underused resource to find freelance work.
41. http://www.freelance-market.net/ – This is a market for freelance photographers. Here they can get in contact with those that buy photos as well as learn how to better hone their skills to attract new job leads.
42. http://metafreelancer.com/ – This is a freelance site with opportunities for many different freelancers. They offer translation jobs, multimedia, writing, design and more. They have safe transfer payment to protect both the freelancer and their client.
43. http://freelancewritingservice.com/index.php – This site offers freelance academic paper writing. Freelancers can apply here if they are interested in working here.
44. http://freelanceopportunities.org/ – This site ahs great opportunities for freelancers that other sites don’t mention. They have information for freelance musicians, artists, writers and more.
45. http://www.academia-research.com/ – Freelance writers and resume preparers will find lots of academic and business work on this site. They offer payment twice per month using many direct transfer methods.
46. http://www.genealogyfreelancers.com/index.php?action=show&page=freelance_opportunities – This site offers a one of a kind service to freelancers looking to work in the genealogy field. This site is one of the only ones to offer freelance genealogy work.
47. http://faithwriters.com/ – Christian writers will find support, jobs and information on this site for freelancers.
48. http://www.peopleperhour.com/ – Christian freelancers can search their job listings for specific freelance opportunities.
49. http://www.mediabistro.com/joblistings/ – Media Bistro offers job boards and a profile posting service to help freelance writers find work and earn money. Listing a profile is a great way to have one of the 100,000 editors that use this site find you.
50. http://www.worldwidefreelance.com/markets.htm – This site can help freelance writers learn more about the many freelance markets available by offering writers guidelines and more. There is a small month fee to use this site.
51. http://www.developertutorials.com/writers.php – Freelance tutorial writers can earn money working for Developer Tutorials writing tutorials and how to guides.
52. http://freelancewritinggigs.com/webandprint/category/monday-markets/ – Each Monday, freelance writers will find an up to date list of available markets and writers guidelines.
53. http://www.contractedwork.com/ – This freelance marketplace offers work for programmers, designers, writers, administrative professionals and more.
54. http://www.worldwideworkathome.com/jobboard.html – These listings are not all for freelancers but all jobs can be done at home. Many jobs are for freelancers.
55. http://www.authenticjobs.com/ – Authentic Jobs is a great place to find freelance programming jobs online.
56. http://www.freelancewebprogramming.com/ – This site doesn’t always have a lot of jobs but for the few it does post, there is much less competition than some of the larger site. All the jobs here are for freelance web programmers.
57. http://www.freelancercareers.com/ – This freelance site is for academic writers and editors as well as translators and resume writers.
58. http://www.cyberedit.com/hub/jobs.shtml – This job board specializes in helping freelance editors find work.
59. http://www.brainfuse.com/register/becomtutor.asp Freelance Tutors can visit the BrainFuse site for potential tutoring opportunities.
60. http://www.freelancer.com/sellers/ – Freelancer is one of the most popular freelance marketplaces. Bidding on jobs is free as a commission will be taken out of the total project amount.
61. http://www.writers.ph/ – This site for freelance writers helps not only in finding jobs but with dealing with clients as well. They have 24 hour telephone support to help you succeed as a freelancer. This site is mainly intended for writers in the Philippines.
62. http://www.writingcareer.com/writingjobs/index.php?c=1 – This site has a job board for freelance writers. They have several links to writing contests that help freelance writers to launch their career and make some extra money.
63. http://freelancefolder.com/forums/viewforum.php?f=8 – Freelance folder has a forum where freelancers and potential employers can communicate about jobs. It can be a great way to make contacts and get jobs.
64. http://www.humanrewriter.com/jobs/ – This freelance writing site is only for US freelancers with valid tax information. The sites main purpose is rewriting articles so that they will be unique content. They pay into your PayPal account.
65. https://be.freelancersunion.org/gigs/ – This job board is sponsored by Freelancers Union and has great leads for all types of freelancers.
66. http://www.journalismjobs.com/ – Freelance writers and journalists will be able to find jobs in their area and also online only at this site.
67. http://www.istockphoto.com/index.php – iStock Photo is a great place for freelance photographers to sell their work and for other freelancers to buy it.
68. http://www.recycledpapergreetings.com/artists.htm – Freelance writers and artists can make money creating text or illustrations for Recycled Paper Greetings.
69. http://www.sps.com/help/writers_guidelines.html – Blue Mountain Arts regularly hires freelance poets for their greeting card needs.
70. http://jobs.poewar.com/ – At Poewar, writers will find a variety of freelance offerings from creative positions to blogging to web content. Freelancers will even find great grant writing and consulting positions. As an interesting note, this site offers a special section of jobs specifically intended for writers in Canada.
71. http://www.webprojobs.com/ – This job board is a great resource for computer professionals. Freelance programmers will especially find benefit at this site. Searching this site will provide freelancers with freelance, work from home and other jobs for freelance web professionals.
72. http://www.freshwebjobs.com/ – Fresh Web Jobs states that their company’s purpose is to bring together businesses and web professionals. There aren’t a lot of listings at this site, but freelancers will find that the jobs listed here can be quite lucrative. This site is worth checking out.
73. http://gigs.37signals.com/ – This job board has been used by top companies like Facebook and American Express. Freelance designers, programmers and developers will find this site very useful. Occasionally customer service jobs for freelancers will also be found on this board. Non-freelance positions may also be available.
74. http://programmermeetdesigner.com/ – Programmer Meets Designer is a great job hunting resource for freelance designers, programmers and writers. Its primary purpose is website creation and so freelancers skilled in these aspects will find the site especially useful. Writers can specialize in website content creation while designers and programmers will work on actual site creation. This site has many jobs that are not commonly listed on other job boards.
75. http://www.noagenciesplease.com/ – This site is a free listing service for freelancers. You can find jobs, which typically offer an hourly rate or projects which pay by the task. There is a variety of positions on this site for all types of freelancers.
76. http://www.sologig.com/ – This website traditionally has traditional job listings for experienced professionals. Freelancers searching this site will occasionally find projects and on going freelance positions.
77. http://www.freelancerunplugged.com/jobs/ – Freelancer unplugged complies listings from multiple top freelancing sites. These lists are regularly updated and generally contain about 5 jobs from each of their featured sites. Freelancers in every field should make this site a daily read.
78. http://altpick.com/classifieds?type=Contract/Temporary – Alt Pick offers newsa calendar and a searchable database of job listings for creative freelancers. The site often doesn’t have much work posted, but when it does, the positions can be quite unique and ideal for freelancer writers, actors, artists, etc.
79. http://www.coroflot.com/public/jobs_browse.asp – At Coroflot, creative freelance designers will be able to find targeted listings. Jobs listed include web design, creative design, interior design, design education, advertising, architecture and more. All types of freelance designers should make this site a part of their daily job hunt.
80. http://www.freelancers.net/ – Freelancers in the UK regularly use this site to find work. While freelancers outside of the UK are welcome to use this site, its intended audience is those in the UK. The site is easy to navigate and searchable. This site is free to use and also offers portfolio posting services to help freelancers gain more clients.
81. http://www.aboutfreelancewriting.com/category/freelance-writing-jobs-job-baord/ -Monday through Friday, freelance writers will find daily listings of hot writing jobs available. These jobs are gathered from across the internet making it easier for freelancers to find work. Rather than searching several job boards, visit About Freelance Writing each day and save time.
82. http://www.freelancebbs.com/ – This site connects freelancers and businesses. Free registration is required but is quick and easy. Freelancers can post searchable profiles so that businesses in need of freelancers can find them easily. This site is ideal for freelancer writers, designers, developers, photographers, IT professionals and more.
83. http://www.sunoasis.com/freelance.html – Freelancer writers have been turning to this site for jobs since 1997. Freelance writers registered on this site can get up to the minute updates from Twitter. In a competitive market, learning about jobs quickly can be critical.
84. http://flay.com/jobs_category.cfm?CategoryID=23 – Freelancer graphic designers, especially those skilled with 3-D work will find that Flay.com is a great job hunting resource. This site only lists graphic artists jobs so artists won’t have to search through hundreds of jobs to find the applicable positions.
85. http://www.vfxtalk.com/index.php?pageid=jobs – VFXTalk should be a daily visit for freelance visual effects artists, animators, editors and compositors. Those looking for freelancers can also easily post to this free site.
86. http://www.jobserve.com.au/ – Australian freelancers will love the ability so simply search for jobs in Australia. Of course, other freelancers may be able to find work on this site as well.
87. http://www.creativeheads.net/ – If you are a creative freelancer, Creative Heads is for you. Freelancers can find great video game, animation, VFX and software jobs on this site. This site is free to use and is updated at least daily. Job postings are clearly stated with enough contact information for you to truly decide if the position is worth applying for.
88. http://jobs.awn.com/c/search.cfm?site_id=500 – Freelance animators regularly use this site provided by the Animation World Network. In addition to their job board, freelancers will enjoy their resume tools and career resources.
89. http://www.teamprojectsonly.com/ – Team Projects Only is a freelance site for team work. Team managers can manage teams to accomplish tasks more quickly than solo freelancers. This site has jobs for writers, programmers and others working in the web field. If you are a solo worker, feel free to register at the site. Once you have registered you can find other lone workers and start a team before you find your first job.
90. http://jobboard.geekup.org/ – UK technology freelancers will find UK listings for designers, developers and others in the technology field. A few new jobs are added daily making this site an important daily stop.
91. http://alldatajobs.jobamatic.com/a/jobs/find-jobs – Are you a freelancer looking for data jobs? Then, All Data Jobs is the site for you. Freelancers in the data field will find freelance and permanent positions from top companies like Kaiser Permanente, IBM and more. The site can be filtered to only include freelance and contract positions.
92. http://freelance-seattle.net/ – While many times sites show freelance positions, it can be useful as a freelancer to find specific freelance jobs right in your own backyard. Freelance Seattle helps freelancers in Seattle to find local work. This site is non-profit and volunteer so you can find jobs without spending your money.
93. http://www.proz.com/ – This site is for freelance translators. It offers freelance work for translators in almost any language. Whether you specialize in Polish, Spanish Japanese or some other language, check out this site for some great translation job leads. There is also a great discussion board to communicate and collaborate with other translators.
94. http://www.translatorscafe.com/cafe/default.asp – Freelance Translators can post their profile to this site to let work find them. Businesses regularly use this site to find translators for projects.
95. http://charity.people4business.com/ – Sometimes as a freelancer, you want to give back. At People 4 Charity, freelancers and charity organizations come together for projects. You choose your rates and can choose to offer discounted rates if you are looking to help out these non-profit organizations. This site is based in the UK although freelancers worldwide are welcome to use its services.
96. http://www.xplace.com/ShowHomepage.xpl – Xplace knows that freelancing is a worldwide phenomenon. While job boards list United States jobs, Xplace has a special section of freelance listings just for those international freelancers.
97. http://www.onforce.com/ – Many freelance sites are for work from home professionals. On force is a great site for those freelancers in the IT field looking to do on site work. This site is for freelancers in the US and Canada. Signing up is free and you can instantly start to browse the hundreds of available positions. Payment is issued quickly, usually within 3-5 days, eliminating billing and non-payment hassles.
98. http://www.macfreelancer.com/ – Freelancers working with Macs may have difficulty with compatibility with many job listings. This site is specifically for those using Macs to freelance. Bidding is free but there is a flat $10.50 fee to accept projects.
99. http://www.freelanceauction.com/ – Freelancers can find work at this easy to use site filled with jobs. Bidding and registration are free. Simply pay a 5% commission off of the total bid or actual paid amount, whichever is higher. Funds are received via PayPal.
100. http://www.freelancelocaltech.com/ – As a freelancer it can be frustrating trying to compete with low priced bidders from other countries. Freelance Local Tech understands and has created a job board to put local businesses in contact with local technology freelancers. You can post a listing for your local area so that businesses can choose to work with local freelance contractors.
101.http://www.ksl.com/public/ksljobs/listings – KSL is actually one of the largest news sites in the world. KSL is based in Utah, but job listings come in from all over and some of the work can be done from anywhere.
2. https://www.elance.com – Elance charges a small fee to employers looking to post jobs. Freelancers have the option of selecting a free profile or paying a monthly fee for additional services. They offer an escrow service as well as dispute resolution.
3. http://jobs.freelanceswitch.com/- Freelance Switch offers a fully moderated job board to help you find freelance jobs in a variety of arenas like programming, web design, graphic design, writing and more. There is a small monthly free which is fully refundable within the first 30 days if the service does not meet expectations.
4. http://www.guru.com – Guru is the world’s largest freelance marketplace. They offer a unique escrow service that protects freelancers and their clients. Jobs are available in almost any freelance field imaginable like websites, photography, design, broadcasting, fashion, legal, accounting, writing and more. This is a great job hunting resource for all freelancers.
5. http://www.freelancejobs.org/professionals/ – This service offers a completely free job board. This means that neither the freelancer or the employer will have to pay a fee. This makes this resource a great money saving way to find jobs. There is work in almost any freelance category imaginable.
6. http://www.freelancejobopenings.com/ – This is a free job board with several job links for freelancers. Links to other freelance job sites are also available through this site.
7. http://www.writingbids.com/ – This site is a great way for freelance writers to stay on top of the many jobs available across the internet. Here you will find recent top postings from a variety of job boards including oDesk, Elance, GetAFreelancer.com and more. This site makes searching many writing jobs easier since you only have to visit one site.
8. http://www.graphicdesignbids.com/ – Graphic Design Bids.com is a haven for graphic designers. This site scours the web to provide you with top jobs from multiple sites. It makes finding the jobs you are interested in quick and easy. You can search several days or specifically have the site filter only positions new the current day.
9. http://www.simplyhired.com/a/jobs/list/q-freelance – Simply hired is actually just a regular job database. Freelancers however can search the database for jobs that are freelance only. Simple enter the word freelance into the search box for hundreds of listings. Simply Hired is a great place to find freelance work in your local area or jobs not regularly listed on auction style job boards.
10. http://www.krop.com – Krop is a great place to build an online portfolio and find jobs. Using their free site, you can upload work and create an ad free professional portfolio to show potential freelance clients. They have a great job board with tons of leads for designers, writers and more.
11. GetaCoder.com – This site has great resources for designers and programmers. There are also some great writing jobs as well. The site can be a bit difficult to navigate and get used to, however it worth the effort since getacoder.com can help freelancers land some really great positions.
12. http://www.2-popforums.com – 2 Pop Forums is a relatively new freelance site that specializing in helping freelancers in the film and cinematography field find work. Very few sites are specifically tailored to this field making this a great resource for freelancers looking to work in film. The forum is moderated and is for paid positions and internships only.
13. http://www.aboutfreelancewriting.com/category/freelance-writing-jobs-job-baord – About Freelance Writing posts a daily list of available jobs for freelance writers. This site is an excellent place to start a freelance writing career. They also provide links to tips about freelance writing and articles to help you start your journey.
14. http://www.bloggerjobs.biz/category/blogger-jobs Bloggerjobs is a job board dedicated solely to jobs for bloggers. The jobs found on this site are generally looking for an experienced freelance blogger with connections. If you are a freelance blogger, this site is a great place to search for job leads.
15. http://www.scriptlance.com – Scriptlance is the perfect job board for programmers. They have over 200 new projects posted daily to their easy to use web interface. If you are looking for freelance programming, design or even writing work- try this site.
16. http://www.peopleperhour.com/freelance_jobs_work_projects/listings This world wide market place offers jobs to freelancer in many countries. In fact, they currently have providers in over 150 countries. A lot of the jobs are in the UK and the bidding on the site is listed in pounds. It is possible to make money on this site, no matter your country.
17. http://www.freelancemachine.com/ – This site offers a completely job board for freelance professionals. It has a low monthly subscription fee, $5 and is regularly maintained and monitored. This job board eliminates the costly commissions that many sites take out of negotiated contracts.
18. http://jobs.freelanceq.com/a/jobs/find-jobs – Freelance Q offers freelance jobs in almost any freelance field imaginable. You may listings for freelance architects, videographers, makeup artists and more.
19. http://www.project4hire.com/ – Project 4 Hire is a freelance job board and bidding site. Freelancers can bid on jobs at no cost to them. Once a contract is accepted, the freelancer pays a 5% commission up front before starting work. The client can pay this fee on behalf of the freelancer if they choose. They offer an escrow service for a flat fee of $20 or payment can occur through other channels.
20. http://jobs.smashingmagazine.com/ – Freelance developers, web designers and graphic artists will find many high quality leads on this job board.
21. http://jobs.37signals.com/jobs – Freelance technical jobs can be found on the 37 Signals forum. Regular 9-5 jobs are listed here as well so make sure you only search through the freelance listings.
22. http://www.artypapers.com/jobpile/ – Jobpile creates a list from top websites on the internet. This makes searching a variety of boards simple since new listings are compiled into one place.
23. http://www.theidealcandidate.com/ – The ideal candidate offers a referral program that can help you make money when you refer jobs to their site. Of course you can also search freelance jobs for creative and technology freelance professionals.
24. http://www.allin1freelance.com/ – All in 1 Freelance is a great place for freelancers to find jobs and communicate with each other. The website is free to use and specializes in providing excellent service and support to their users.
25. http://www.graphicdesignfreelancejobs.com/ – Freelance graphic designers can search 1000s of great design jobs on this site specifically tailored to their needs.
26. http://www.flexjobs.com/ – Flex jobs offers more than just freelance listings. It also offers telecommute and other flexible positions. Freelancers can rely on the jobs found here since they are all hand screened and legitimate. It is only $14.95 per month of $49.95 per year.
27. http://www.freelancewriting.com/newsletters/morning-coffee-freelance-writing-jobs.php – Morning Coffee is a weekly newsletter published on Tuesdays that is filled with potential jobs for freelance writers. You can see it online or sign up to have it delivered via email each week.
28. http://www.writersmarket.com/ – Freelance Writers will find that the Writers Market book and website will provide the information needed to break into print, online and book publishing. This site is filled with valuable information for freelancers. Most of their jobs are unsolicited jobs meaning the freelancer will need to create ideas and query a publisher.
29. http://www.capitaltyping.com/employment-application – Freelancers looking for data entry jobs know that this market can be particularly fierce. Capital Typing is one of the premier providers of legitimate online data entry jobs. You can apply here to become a work from home provider for their company.
30. http://www.blogpostsforsale.com/ – Freelancers that want to make money blogging should check out this money making opportunity. Basically this site aims to unite bloggers and advertisers.
31. http://www.designcrowd.com/ – Freelance graphic designers can post their projects here and wait for interested clients to respond. Additionally they can respond to open requests by clients. Payment is issued via PayPal.
32. http://www.writerlance.com/ – This site connects freelance writers with buyers. There is no charge to use this service but each contract requires a 3% service fee or $3 whichever is greater.
33. http://www.freelancefree.com/search.php?showstatus=open – Freelance free is not one of the easiest to use or most attractive job boards available. It may have some good jobs for various freelancers looking for something a little different.
34. http://freelance.geekinterview.com/Data-Entry – This is great place to find freelance data entry jobs.
35. http://www.teamprojectsonly.com/ – Team Projects Only is especially aimed for freelance programmers. Technical writers and graphic designers may occasionally be able to find some good leads here as well too.
36. http://www.burryman.com/freelance.html – Freelance writers may find new job leads on the Burry Man Writers Center Job Leads Board.
37. http://www.trabajofreelance.com/ – Trabajo Freelance is a freelance site for those in Latin America. Spanish speaking freelancers may be able to find some good leads here.
38. http://www.freelanceindia.com/ – This site is the largest freelance site in India. Providers from across the world are welcome to find work here. The rates do tend to be lower than US sites however.
39. http://www.python.org/community/jobs/ – This job board is only Python programming jobs. They aren’t all freelance but occasionally jobs will come up for programmers with this specific skill set.
40. http://www.craigslist.org/about/sites – When using Craigslist to find freelance jobs, be careful. They aren’t always legitimate. However, many freelancers find that this is a great often underused resource to find freelance work.
41. http://www.freelance-market.net/ – This is a market for freelance photographers. Here they can get in contact with those that buy photos as well as learn how to better hone their skills to attract new job leads.
42. http://metafreelancer.com/ – This is a freelance site with opportunities for many different freelancers. They offer translation jobs, multimedia, writing, design and more. They have safe transfer payment to protect both the freelancer and their client.
43. http://freelancewritingservice.com/index.php – This site offers freelance academic paper writing. Freelancers can apply here if they are interested in working here.
44. http://freelanceopportunities.org/ – This site ahs great opportunities for freelancers that other sites don’t mention. They have information for freelance musicians, artists, writers and more.
45. http://www.academia-research.com/ – Freelance writers and resume preparers will find lots of academic and business work on this site. They offer payment twice per month using many direct transfer methods.
46. http://www.genealogyfreelancers.com/index.php?action=show&page=freelance_opportunities – This site offers a one of a kind service to freelancers looking to work in the genealogy field. This site is one of the only ones to offer freelance genealogy work.
47. http://faithwriters.com/ – Christian writers will find support, jobs and information on this site for freelancers.
48. http://www.peopleperhour.com/ – Christian freelancers can search their job listings for specific freelance opportunities.
49. http://www.mediabistro.com/joblistings/ – Media Bistro offers job boards and a profile posting service to help freelance writers find work and earn money. Listing a profile is a great way to have one of the 100,000 editors that use this site find you.
50. http://www.worldwidefreelance.com/markets.htm – This site can help freelance writers learn more about the many freelance markets available by offering writers guidelines and more. There is a small month fee to use this site.
51. http://www.developertutorials.com/writers.php – Freelance tutorial writers can earn money working for Developer Tutorials writing tutorials and how to guides.
52. http://freelancewritinggigs.com/webandprint/category/monday-markets/ – Each Monday, freelance writers will find an up to date list of available markets and writers guidelines.
53. http://www.contractedwork.com/ – This freelance marketplace offers work for programmers, designers, writers, administrative professionals and more.
54. http://www.worldwideworkathome.com/jobboard.html – These listings are not all for freelancers but all jobs can be done at home. Many jobs are for freelancers.
55. http://www.authenticjobs.com/ – Authentic Jobs is a great place to find freelance programming jobs online.
56. http://www.freelancewebprogramming.com/ – This site doesn’t always have a lot of jobs but for the few it does post, there is much less competition than some of the larger site. All the jobs here are for freelance web programmers.
57. http://www.freelancercareers.com/ – This freelance site is for academic writers and editors as well as translators and resume writers.
58. http://www.cyberedit.com/hub/jobs.shtml – This job board specializes in helping freelance editors find work.
59. http://www.brainfuse.com/register/becomtutor.asp Freelance Tutors can visit the BrainFuse site for potential tutoring opportunities.
60. http://www.freelancer.com/sellers/ – Freelancer is one of the most popular freelance marketplaces. Bidding on jobs is free as a commission will be taken out of the total project amount.
61. http://www.writers.ph/ – This site for freelance writers helps not only in finding jobs but with dealing with clients as well. They have 24 hour telephone support to help you succeed as a freelancer. This site is mainly intended for writers in the Philippines.
62. http://www.writingcareer.com/writingjobs/index.php?c=1 – This site has a job board for freelance writers. They have several links to writing contests that help freelance writers to launch their career and make some extra money.
63. http://freelancefolder.com/forums/viewforum.php?f=8 – Freelance folder has a forum where freelancers and potential employers can communicate about jobs. It can be a great way to make contacts and get jobs.
64. http://www.humanrewriter.com/jobs/ – This freelance writing site is only for US freelancers with valid tax information. The sites main purpose is rewriting articles so that they will be unique content. They pay into your PayPal account.
65. https://be.freelancersunion.org/gigs/ – This job board is sponsored by Freelancers Union and has great leads for all types of freelancers.
66. http://www.journalismjobs.com/ – Freelance writers and journalists will be able to find jobs in their area and also online only at this site.
67. http://www.istockphoto.com/index.php – iStock Photo is a great place for freelance photographers to sell their work and for other freelancers to buy it.
68. http://www.recycledpapergreetings.com/artists.htm – Freelance writers and artists can make money creating text or illustrations for Recycled Paper Greetings.
69. http://www.sps.com/help/writers_guidelines.html – Blue Mountain Arts regularly hires freelance poets for their greeting card needs.
70. http://jobs.poewar.com/ – At Poewar, writers will find a variety of freelance offerings from creative positions to blogging to web content. Freelancers will even find great grant writing and consulting positions. As an interesting note, this site offers a special section of jobs specifically intended for writers in Canada.
71. http://www.webprojobs.com/ – This job board is a great resource for computer professionals. Freelance programmers will especially find benefit at this site. Searching this site will provide freelancers with freelance, work from home and other jobs for freelance web professionals.
72. http://www.freshwebjobs.com/ – Fresh Web Jobs states that their company’s purpose is to bring together businesses and web professionals. There aren’t a lot of listings at this site, but freelancers will find that the jobs listed here can be quite lucrative. This site is worth checking out.
73. http://gigs.37signals.com/ – This job board has been used by top companies like Facebook and American Express. Freelance designers, programmers and developers will find this site very useful. Occasionally customer service jobs for freelancers will also be found on this board. Non-freelance positions may also be available.
74. http://programmermeetdesigner.com/ – Programmer Meets Designer is a great job hunting resource for freelance designers, programmers and writers. Its primary purpose is website creation and so freelancers skilled in these aspects will find the site especially useful. Writers can specialize in website content creation while designers and programmers will work on actual site creation. This site has many jobs that are not commonly listed on other job boards.
75. http://www.noagenciesplease.com/ – This site is a free listing service for freelancers. You can find jobs, which typically offer an hourly rate or projects which pay by the task. There is a variety of positions on this site for all types of freelancers.
76. http://www.sologig.com/ – This website traditionally has traditional job listings for experienced professionals. Freelancers searching this site will occasionally find projects and on going freelance positions.
77. http://www.freelancerunplugged.com/jobs/ – Freelancer unplugged complies listings from multiple top freelancing sites. These lists are regularly updated and generally contain about 5 jobs from each of their featured sites. Freelancers in every field should make this site a daily read.
78. http://altpick.com/classifieds?type=Contract/Temporary – Alt Pick offers newsa calendar and a searchable database of job listings for creative freelancers. The site often doesn’t have much work posted, but when it does, the positions can be quite unique and ideal for freelancer writers, actors, artists, etc.
79. http://www.coroflot.com/public/jobs_browse.asp – At Coroflot, creative freelance designers will be able to find targeted listings. Jobs listed include web design, creative design, interior design, design education, advertising, architecture and more. All types of freelance designers should make this site a part of their daily job hunt.
80. http://www.freelancers.net/ – Freelancers in the UK regularly use this site to find work. While freelancers outside of the UK are welcome to use this site, its intended audience is those in the UK. The site is easy to navigate and searchable. This site is free to use and also offers portfolio posting services to help freelancers gain more clients.
81. http://www.aboutfreelancewriting.com/category/freelance-writing-jobs-job-baord/ -Monday through Friday, freelance writers will find daily listings of hot writing jobs available. These jobs are gathered from across the internet making it easier for freelancers to find work. Rather than searching several job boards, visit About Freelance Writing each day and save time.
82. http://www.freelancebbs.com/ – This site connects freelancers and businesses. Free registration is required but is quick and easy. Freelancers can post searchable profiles so that businesses in need of freelancers can find them easily. This site is ideal for freelancer writers, designers, developers, photographers, IT professionals and more.
83. http://www.sunoasis.com/freelance.html – Freelancer writers have been turning to this site for jobs since 1997. Freelance writers registered on this site can get up to the minute updates from Twitter. In a competitive market, learning about jobs quickly can be critical.
84. http://flay.com/jobs_category.cfm?CategoryID=23 – Freelancer graphic designers, especially those skilled with 3-D work will find that Flay.com is a great job hunting resource. This site only lists graphic artists jobs so artists won’t have to search through hundreds of jobs to find the applicable positions.
85. http://www.vfxtalk.com/index.php?pageid=jobs – VFXTalk should be a daily visit for freelance visual effects artists, animators, editors and compositors. Those looking for freelancers can also easily post to this free site.
86. http://www.jobserve.com.au/ – Australian freelancers will love the ability so simply search for jobs in Australia. Of course, other freelancers may be able to find work on this site as well.
87. http://www.creativeheads.net/ – If you are a creative freelancer, Creative Heads is for you. Freelancers can find great video game, animation, VFX and software jobs on this site. This site is free to use and is updated at least daily. Job postings are clearly stated with enough contact information for you to truly decide if the position is worth applying for.
88. http://jobs.awn.com/c/search.cfm?site_id=500 – Freelance animators regularly use this site provided by the Animation World Network. In addition to their job board, freelancers will enjoy their resume tools and career resources.
89. http://www.teamprojectsonly.com/ – Team Projects Only is a freelance site for team work. Team managers can manage teams to accomplish tasks more quickly than solo freelancers. This site has jobs for writers, programmers and others working in the web field. If you are a solo worker, feel free to register at the site. Once you have registered you can find other lone workers and start a team before you find your first job.
90. http://jobboard.geekup.org/ – UK technology freelancers will find UK listings for designers, developers and others in the technology field. A few new jobs are added daily making this site an important daily stop.
91. http://alldatajobs.jobamatic.com/a/jobs/find-jobs – Are you a freelancer looking for data jobs? Then, All Data Jobs is the site for you. Freelancers in the data field will find freelance and permanent positions from top companies like Kaiser Permanente, IBM and more. The site can be filtered to only include freelance and contract positions.
92. http://freelance-seattle.net/ – While many times sites show freelance positions, it can be useful as a freelancer to find specific freelance jobs right in your own backyard. Freelance Seattle helps freelancers in Seattle to find local work. This site is non-profit and volunteer so you can find jobs without spending your money.
93. http://www.proz.com/ – This site is for freelance translators. It offers freelance work for translators in almost any language. Whether you specialize in Polish, Spanish Japanese or some other language, check out this site for some great translation job leads. There is also a great discussion board to communicate and collaborate with other translators.
94. http://www.translatorscafe.com/cafe/default.asp – Freelance Translators can post their profile to this site to let work find them. Businesses regularly use this site to find translators for projects.
95. http://charity.people4business.com/ – Sometimes as a freelancer, you want to give back. At People 4 Charity, freelancers and charity organizations come together for projects. You choose your rates and can choose to offer discounted rates if you are looking to help out these non-profit organizations. This site is based in the UK although freelancers worldwide are welcome to use its services.
96. http://www.xplace.com/ShowHomepage.xpl – Xplace knows that freelancing is a worldwide phenomenon. While job boards list United States jobs, Xplace has a special section of freelance listings just for those international freelancers.
97. http://www.onforce.com/ – Many freelance sites are for work from home professionals. On force is a great site for those freelancers in the IT field looking to do on site work. This site is for freelancers in the US and Canada. Signing up is free and you can instantly start to browse the hundreds of available positions. Payment is issued quickly, usually within 3-5 days, eliminating billing and non-payment hassles.
98. http://www.macfreelancer.com/ – Freelancers working with Macs may have difficulty with compatibility with many job listings. This site is specifically for those using Macs to freelance. Bidding is free but there is a flat $10.50 fee to accept projects.
99. http://www.freelanceauction.com/ – Freelancers can find work at this easy to use site filled with jobs. Bidding and registration are free. Simply pay a 5% commission off of the total bid or actual paid amount, whichever is higher. Funds are received via PayPal.
100. http://www.freelancelocaltech.com/ – As a freelancer it can be frustrating trying to compete with low priced bidders from other countries. Freelance Local Tech understands and has created a job board to put local businesses in contact with local technology freelancers. You can post a listing for your local area so that businesses can choose to work with local freelance contractors.
101.http://www.ksl.com/public/ksljobs/listings – KSL is actually one of the largest news sites in the world. KSL is based in Utah, but job listings come in from all over and some of the work can be done from anywhere.
stun guns
The Stun guns may use in leavaration ware. The manufacturer of a stun-gun used for own perpas. This is voild the law.
The "Taser International" makes weapons that fire up to 50,000 volts. This weapons are used to incapacitate a person, also said it would no longer claim in its consumer literature that its guns "left no lasting effects".
The voluntary concessions come after the attorney general of Arizona, where Taser is based, launched an investigation earlier this year into claims made by the firm about safety studies carried out on its products. It is among nearly two dozen states that have started action against Taser products in recent months.
The Taser president, Tom Smith, said company officials had met with the attorney general's office several times since January 2012 and have made changes to the way they present information on the weapon to consumers.
The "Taser International" makes weapons that fire up to 50,000 volts. This weapons are used to incapacitate a person, also said it would no longer claim in its consumer literature that its guns "left no lasting effects".
The voluntary concessions come after the attorney general of Arizona, where Taser is based, launched an investigation earlier this year into claims made by the firm about safety studies carried out on its products. It is among nearly two dozen states that have started action against Taser products in recent months.
The Taser president, Tom Smith, said company officials had met with the attorney general's office several times since January 2012 and have made changes to the way they present information on the weapon to consumers.
Declutter Fast - Is it Good? Is it Worth a Buy?
Declutter Fast - Is it Good? Is it Worth a Buy?
By Vaibhav Deshpande
Cluttering is an headache for almost everybody. Nowadays with busy schedules, people hardly get any time to cleanup and organize things around. It becomes a nightmare when things just get lost in the mess, which you urgently need!
Its so irritating when things get out of hand, and you are in the middle of a complete mess. Life would be so easy if there had been some foolproof solution for this disaster. Imagine some guests arrive at your place and you are in a complete messy situation with all the clothes, books lying around! At that time, you desperately try to stuff everything inside the cupboard before answering the doorbell. This creates further nuisance as some important items are stuffed in as well.
Organizing your home properly is very important to lead a healthy and happy life. All the articles, if organized and arranged properly at correct accessible places will help you get it quickly when you utterly need it. Then you don't have to run around your home pulling bedsheets finding your stuff!
When I stumbled upon Mimi Tanner's "Declutter Fast - How To Get Your House In Order Almost Immediately", I was sure that my problems will now come to an end. Believe it or not, but when I followed Mimi's advice and started clearing the clutter, it was a miracle. His ideas and declutter tips were so simple and apt. In just minutes i was already smiling and seeing the results. My mom was shocked to see my clean and organized room. In fact, I made some cool cash by selling my electronic trash at the yard.
Then on, it became so easy to clear the clutter. Mimi has given simple and easy-to-do steps for every thing be it your room, kitchen, your garage etc. You have to just follow his steps and you are ready to go. Mimi has done a complete research on clutter organization and has come up with this masterpiece. In Declutter Fast there is a solution given for every possible cluttering problem like organizing your books, your drawers, your electronics, your keys, your documents and so on.
My parents are now so happy to see me cleaning my bedroom.In fact, now I clean all of my house,organize all the items properly and discard the unnecessary items.My place looks so good now,and now I don't run around searching for keys,I don't lose my documents.Now I don't think twice before answering the doorbell or calling over my friends,relatives to party! Yey!
Vaibhav Deshpande is a Tech Blogger with a network of websites!
DeclutterFast Buy is a new blog by Vaibhav Deshpande, reviewing the product "DeClutter Fast".
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Vaibhav_Deshpande
http://EzineArticles.com/?Declutter-Fast---Is-it-Good?-Is-it-Worth-a-Buy?&id=4621798
By Vaibhav Deshpande
Cluttering is an headache for almost everybody. Nowadays with busy schedules, people hardly get any time to cleanup and organize things around. It becomes a nightmare when things just get lost in the mess, which you urgently need!
Its so irritating when things get out of hand, and you are in the middle of a complete mess. Life would be so easy if there had been some foolproof solution for this disaster. Imagine some guests arrive at your place and you are in a complete messy situation with all the clothes, books lying around! At that time, you desperately try to stuff everything inside the cupboard before answering the doorbell. This creates further nuisance as some important items are stuffed in as well.
Organizing your home properly is very important to lead a healthy and happy life. All the articles, if organized and arranged properly at correct accessible places will help you get it quickly when you utterly need it. Then you don't have to run around your home pulling bedsheets finding your stuff!
When I stumbled upon Mimi Tanner's "Declutter Fast - How To Get Your House In Order Almost Immediately", I was sure that my problems will now come to an end. Believe it or not, but when I followed Mimi's advice and started clearing the clutter, it was a miracle. His ideas and declutter tips were so simple and apt. In just minutes i was already smiling and seeing the results. My mom was shocked to see my clean and organized room. In fact, I made some cool cash by selling my electronic trash at the yard.
Then on, it became so easy to clear the clutter. Mimi has given simple and easy-to-do steps for every thing be it your room, kitchen, your garage etc. You have to just follow his steps and you are ready to go. Mimi has done a complete research on clutter organization and has come up with this masterpiece. In Declutter Fast there is a solution given for every possible cluttering problem like organizing your books, your drawers, your electronics, your keys, your documents and so on.
My parents are now so happy to see me cleaning my bedroom.In fact, now I clean all of my house,organize all the items properly and discard the unnecessary items.My place looks so good now,and now I don't run around searching for keys,I don't lose my documents.Now I don't think twice before answering the doorbell or calling over my friends,relatives to party! Yey!
Vaibhav Deshpande is a Tech Blogger with a network of websites!
DeclutterFast Buy is a new blog by Vaibhav Deshpande, reviewing the product "DeClutter Fast".
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Vaibhav_Deshpande
http://EzineArticles.com/?Declutter-Fast---Is-it-Good?-Is-it-Worth-a-Buy?&id=4621798
Bangladesh distributes CFL bulbs to save power
Bangladesh started distributing compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs to consumers on Saturday in exchange for old incandescent bulbs to help ease chronic electricity shortages.
The power ministry says the operation could save up to 500 megawatts a day. Only about a third of 150 million residents of Bangladesh, one of the world's poorest countries, has access to electricity.
"The government decided to distribute about 28 million CFL bulbs under a World Bank-aided $43 million project," said Mohammad Afrazur Rahman, spokesman of the ministry of power, energy and mineral resources.
City residents with power are subject to cuts every other hour, while those in rural areas may go without for much longer.
In the operation's first phase, 5.5 million bulbs are to be handed out to 9 million customers in 27 districts, including the capital.
Officials said they would store the old bulbs to claim clean development management funds from developed nations. They would later be destroyed.
Body Mass Index
| Body Mass Index | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) measures weight in relation to height. The ranges shown are for adults and should not be used for children. Use the Height-Weight Tables for children. To determine your BMI, simply enter your height and weight where specified below. The calculator will automatically calculate your BMI score. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| How to measure height and weight | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Height Measurement - If you are not sure how tall you are, then follow these easy steps: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Weight Measurement - If you have not had your weight measured in the last month by a health care professional, follow these easy steps to measure your weight at home: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| BMI Calculator | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NOTE: Your browser must support Javascript for the calculator to work. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| On the BMI table above, find your score and the health risk for which it is assessed. For example, a BMI score of 18.5 - 25 is associated with the lowest health risk based solely on BMI scores. If your score is 25 - 30, you are considered to be at increased risk for health problems that are negatively impacted by obesity, such as diabetes, heart disease, high cholesterol or hypertension. BMI above 30 places you at higher health risks. Exceptions to a high BMI score include competitive athletes and body builders, whose BMI is high due to increased muscle mass, and women who are pregnant or lactating. The BMI is also not intended for use in measuring growing children or frail, elderly individuals. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Why is BMI Important? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| If your BMI is high, you may have an increased risk of developing certain diseases, including: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Prevention of further weight gain is important and weight reduction is desirable. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| What is a co-morbid condition or other risks factors for chronic diseases? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Co-morbidity is any condition associated with obesity that usually worsens as the degree of obesity increases and often improves as obesity is successfully treated. The more of the risk factors from the following list that you have, the more likely you are to benefit from weight loss if you are overweight or obese*: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| * Source: Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Improving Your Health: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weight reduction is an important way to reduce your BMI and improve your overall health. Even a modest 5% reduction from your current weight is beneficial to your health. For instance, a 5' 2" female who weighs 150 pounds (BMI=27), can improve her health by losing as little as seven pounds, reducing her BMI to 26. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tipping The Scales In Your Favor: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The Energy Balance Equation is the key factor in the weight loss/weight gain puzzle. In other words - if you consistently consume more energy (calories) than you use up, you will gain weight and the reverse is also true, burning more energy (calories) than you consume will cause weight reduction. It's really as simple as that! | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Submarine Cable: Connecting Bangladesh
Submarine Cable: Connecting Bangladesh to The World of High-Tech Information Technology
1. Introduction Now-a-days, the distance is not a factor because the technology makes the world a local place. Wherever you go, you are always connected to the people all over the world through the use of advanced communication technology. Yes, the communication system makes our life so easy that we can communicate anyone, anywhere in the planet. The word ‘Communication’ means the process of sharing ideas, information, and messages with others in a particular time and place. The communication can play a vital role on developing Information Technology and economical condition of developing country like Bangladesh. To improve the Information Technology and economical condition, we need faster and reliable communication. Submarine cable is the latest communication technology that can exchange the data at light speed (about 186,000 miles per second) and is most reliable and secured technology in the world. Submarine cable boosts the Information Technology and Economy of Bangladesh. figure: fiber optics
2. Fiber Optics and Its Function Fiber Optics is very thin, pliable tubes of glass that use light to carry signals. With nearly unlimited bandwidth, fiber optic cables have much greater capacity than other transmission lines. Fiber Optics transfers the data as form of light. To understand how the fiber optics work, we need to know the very basic property of light. Light travels in a straight line as long as it is moving through the same substance. When light entered into a substance of different density then it changes its direction which is known as Refraction property of light. If light passing through the higher density substance to lower density substance three possible things can be occurred. (a) If the angle of Incidence is smaller than the critical angle then the light refracts and moves closer to the surface. (b) If the angle of incidence is equal to the critical angle then the light bends and moves along the surface between two substances. (c) If incidence angle is greater than the critical angle then light come back to the same substance again.
Figure 1: Bending of Light Ray (Forouzan) Fiber Optics uses the property of light. Fiber Optics has core and cladding which are made of glass or plastic. The core is surrounded by the cladding which is less dense than the core. Electronics data are converted into light and beam into the core of the cable. This process is done so technically such that the light moving through the core is reflected off the cladding instead of being refracted into the cladding (Forouzan, 2006, p. 198).
Figure 2: Layers of Fiber Optics (Google) 
Figure 3: Data Transfer through Fiber Optics (Forouzan) 3. Bangladesh Introduced with Submarine Cable After a long time waiting, Bangladesh was finally signed in with submarine cable on March 27, 2004 and reached to its end user from June 2005. An organization named South East Asia-Middle East-West Europe-4 (SEA ME WE 4) connected Bangladesh and 12 others countries with high speed data communication facilities. The Organization SEA ME WE 4 ran the cable from Singapore cross through Malaysia, Thailand, Bangladesh, India, Sri-Lanka, Pakistan, a number of middle eastern countries and end in France. The submarine cable boosts Bangladesh internet connection speed 68 times faster than it was before. Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board (BTTB) and more over 100 internet service providers (ISPs) have capacity to serve 150-megabyte per second data rate. Before submarine cable introduced to Bangladesh, ISPs companies were dependent on Singapore based satellite data transfer, which are still very costly. Now BTTB are offering more facilities than the satellite communications at least cost to ISP companies. Earlier Bangladesh had missed to connect with the submarine cable (SEA ME WE 3) with ran through the Bay of Bengal. Basically it happened because of wrong prediction and lacks of practical sense of the government that time (“Submarine and Bangladesh,” March 18, 2006). 4. Pros of Submarine Cable in Bangladesh Submarine cable has carried our communication system so far that it can be compared to any other developed country. This connection changes the dimension of communication environment that it was before in Bangladesh. This technology has brought many facilities like, high bandwidth, fast data transfer, immunity to interference and cross talk, secured and most of all reliable communication system. (a) Reliable CommunicationBangladesh is known as “Country of Rivers”. Unfortunately, Bangladesh is suffering from natural disaster like flood, every year. In rainy season, a huge area goes down under the water as the country is covered by the large numbers of rivers. The excessive rains fade the margin region; as a result, the performance of the satellite connection reduces rapidly. It is also happen that flood or any excessive water levels interference the propagation of satellite signals. These above are minor problems and the major problem that Bangladesh faced was in 1991. Cyclones knocked down several radio towers in Chittagong and whole country was detached from international links. All most every year natural disasters damage our radio towers, which are very expensive for the country like Bangladesh. Fiber optics connection does not require any tower, so it appears as the only one way solution for a continuous and reliable communication system in Bangladesh (Bashar, 2002). (b) Fast Data Transfer Before connected with submarine cable, Bangladesh used Copper wires as the backbone of the whole telecommunication network. Basically, Copper wires like Co-axial and twisted pair cables have less bandwidth than the fiber optics. Its mean copper wires have less data transfer rate than the fiber optics. Fiber optics passes the data at speed of light which is the greatest speed of the planet. (Forouzan, 2006, p. 202) (c) High Bandwidth After connected with the submarine cable, Bangladesh have a 10 gigabyte data transfer capacity a second which has boost the speed 68 times faster than before. Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Company and more than hundreds of ISPs now have 150 megabyte per second, where BTTB alone commands 83 megabyte per second capacity. This high bandwidth speed has boosted our browser speed, so we can share more information in less time (“Submarine and Bangladesh,” March 18, 2006). (d) Less Number of Regenerators Fiber optics covers the maximum transmission distance rather than any transmission medium. Fiber optics can carry signal up to 50 km without any regenerators where the cable Bangladesh used before required regenerators within every 5 km distance. The less number of regenerators saves huge amount money (Forouzan, 2006, p. 202) (e) Immunity to electromagnetic interference and SecurityFiber optics transfers the data in form of light. So, electromagnetic interference cannot affect the fiber optics. As copper transfer the data in form of electric current, by using electromagnetic field, data can be tapped from the cable. But there is no way of tapped the data from the fiber optics cable as it is converting the data in form of light. (Forouzan, 2006, p. 202) (f) Small size and weight An optical fiber is often no wider than the human hair. It is very small in size and less weight than the copper cables. Their size and weight is so convenient that it is not creating any congestion in cities (Basar, 2002). (g) Development in IT Sectors Submarine cable has shaped the future of Information Technology (IT) sectors. In Bangladesh there are many bright students who are interested about IT study. As Bangladesh has just introduced with this technology, we need man power for the maintenance purpose. A little afford in IT training can reduce the number of unemployed youth in the country and fill up the required man power. The demand of computer science and telecommunication study is rapidly increasing as the technology takes us to the new era of technical world. The job market of IT has become most demandable because submarine cable has made the IT sector much wider than before. 5. Cons of Submarine Cable in Bangladesh A word goes “Its easy to gain but hard to maintain.” Yes, Bangladesh has achieved the super highway communication but there are some major problems occurred in maintenance like: lacks of expert for technical support, cost of maintenance and the sabotaged of submarine cable for several times. (a) Lack of expert for technical support As Bangladesh is a new comer in the information highway system, it lacks the sufficient number of experts. After detached 22 times from the submarine cable we face the lacking of experts in Bangladesh (“Sabotaged,” November 14, 2007). As a result, we have to depend on the foreign experts. Lacks of local experts and dependency on foreign experts always takes huge time to recover the system which disrupts our communication system and slash huge amount of revenues of the government. (b) Cost of Maintenance The maintenance cost of submarine cable is a little bit expensive for Bangladesh. To get the continuous support from the submarine cable network, it needs continuous supply of the electricity to turn on the regenerators which are set 50 km apart from each other (Forouzan, 2006, p. 202). As Bangladesh is a less developed country, it is still unable to produce sufficient electricity that it’s needs. On the other hand taking help from the foreign experts increase the maintenance cost a lot. Disruption of several times causes great loss of the revenues. A statistics shows that the disruption deprive the BTTB of revenue of 70,000 US dollars per hour (“Sabotaged,” November 14, 2007). (c) Sabotaged of Submarine Cable Since the installation of the submarine cable in 2006 it has been disrupted for 22 times. Investigation says that BTTB itself shut down the line eight times for maintenance works and there had been seven cases of accidental disruption of the line. The remaining seven are being described as acts of sabotage (“Sabotaged,” November 14, 2007). Some personnel including illegal Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) operators are thought to be involved with the sabotage. Whatever the reasons behind this fact is that it is being snapped for their own interest and government must take steps against the so called disruption. 6. Ways to Prevent From Being Disrupted For getting continuous support of submarine cable connection government should take some steps to prevent the discontinuation of the system. As mentioned early, the cable has been disrupted for 22 times and the major reasons for this event are: 1) Sabotage by culprits. 2) Accidental disruption (a) Prevention from Being Sabotaged If we try to find out reasons behind the disruptions, firstly we see mischief by some self-seeking people. To prevent from being sabotaged special security system should be imposed by the government. Secondly, illegal VOIP operators who are thought may have the connection with the mischief cases should find out and take legal steps against them. Thirdly, if the government is even unable to maintain the sector then the government can give its responsibilities to a non government hand to take care of. (b) Backup Line for Fiber Optics Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board had already proposed to the Power Grid Corporation of Bangladesh (PGCB) to back up its own network in case of any disruption of the network. PGCB has to support the Dhaka-Chittagong-Cox’s Bazar fiber optics of BTTB which is connected with the submarine cable. To obtain the facilities from the PGCB, BTTB have to pay 20 crore taka for five years. For this huge rental cost, the proposal was not implemented yet, but BTTB is expecting the deal will be soon finalize and serves continuous communication to the country. Meanwhile, BTTB is using extra microwave link for back up the service if any occurrences occurs (“PGCB,” November 11, 2007). 7. Tremendous Effect on Economy The advantage and benefits that telecommunication can play a vital role in education, commercial, medical and government activities. In other word, telecommunication can bring a tremendous effect in our national economy. Basically, communication system is one of the most important factors on with economical condition of a country depends. Improving the telecommunication system will reduce the cost of local and international phone calls to and from Bangladesh which enabling Bangladeshis to join the international community. (a) Fiber Optics replaces expensive Satellite communication Before the connection with the fiber optics, more than 100 internet service providers (ISP) were depended on the Singapore based satellite data transfer which is still very costly. Data transfer rate was quite slow and did not support high definition technologies that other side of the world was using by that time (Bashar, 2002). After the end of the long waiting session of fiber optics connection, Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board got the authority of fiber optics when it has become a member of SEA ME WE -4 with 12 other countries. BTTB has 83-megabyte capacity and offering the ISP with lease facilities (“Submarine and Bangladesh,” March 18, 2006). Earlier the rental cost for using satellite based communication ISPs have to paid a huge amount of money to foreign countries but now , such facilities are provided by the BTTB and the rental expense are earned by the BTTB itself. As a result, ISPs are replaced the Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) by fiber optics and the rental revenues are earned by the BTTB are improving our economical condition. (b) Increasing Number of ISP After getting connected to submarine cable the numbers of users are rapidly increasing. Significant improvements in performance of the internet technology influence the people to get connected to the world of communication. Voice and video conferencing, online games, chatting, and steaming videos direct from the internet all are granted as entertainment for the Bangladeshis. The number of users significantly increasing day by day which influence the ISP’s market grows. ISP has become one of the most profitable businesses in Bangladesh. At the very beginning journey of internet, the users of internet were few because of the high rate of internet access cost. Due to submarine cable’s support, ISPs are providing internet access cost at a minimum rate, so the number of users has increased noticeably. (c) Effects of IT on Economy Submarine cable has developed the IT sector of Bangladesh. The increasing number of ISPs provides the IT related jobs in Bangladesh which can reduce the numbers of unemployed. Many foreign companies are interested for investment to establish IT-enabled value added service like e-banking, call center, tele-medicine, and distance education at overseas universities. A rich IT sector can take a sleepy economy to an optimum state. In particular our neighbor country, India has achieved a tremendous success on its economy by the strong backing of IT industries. Requirements of Software experts and Electronics and Telecommunication engineers are mostly preferable. IT related education and training institutes are rapidly growing to fulfill the needs. 8. Conclusion Introduction of submarine cable network in Bangladesh is obviously a great achievement. It is a reliable communication system for Bangladesh, so far has made a great development of our IT sectors, taken our country in the home of information and boosting our economy through its fastest data transfer rate, increasing the number of ISP operators. It is a matter of great regret that our submarine cable network has disrupted a number of times by accidents or sabotages and we the Bangladeshi should take a proper care of this asset and make the best use of it. ReferencesBashar, S. A.(October 12, 2002). Fiber optic telecommunications in the context of Bangladesh. Retrieved November 20, 2007, from http://www.betelco.com/bd/bdstel/dstar.pdf Forouzan, B. A. (2006). Transmission media. Data communication and networking (4th ed.). (pp. 191- 212). New York: Tata McGraw- Hill. PGCB (November 11, 2007). BTTB to strike deal with PGCB on use of fiber optic cable. Retrieved December 16, 2007, from http://www.groundreport.com/article.php?articleID=2837837 Sabotaged. (November 14, 2007). Submarine cable link ‘sabotaged’ again. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from http://www.bangladeshnews.com.bd/2007/11/14/submarine-cable-link-sabotaged-again/ Submarine, and Bangladesh (November 14, 2007). Bangladesh finally logs on to submarine cable. Retrieved from http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=9046 Appendix A Refraction of Light The direction of light propagation can be changed at the boundary of two media having different densities. This property is called refraction, and is illustrated in the following figure for the boundary between air and water.
Figure 3: Data Transfer through Fiber Optics (Forouzan) 3. Bangladesh Introduced with Submarine Cable After a long time waiting, Bangladesh was finally signed in with submarine cable on March 27, 2004 and reached to its end user from June 2005. An organization named South East Asia-Middle East-West Europe-4 (SEA ME WE 4) connected Bangladesh and 12 others countries with high speed data communication facilities. The Organization SEA ME WE 4 ran the cable from Singapore cross through Malaysia, Thailand, Bangladesh, India, Sri-Lanka, Pakistan, a number of middle eastern countries and end in France. The submarine cable boosts Bangladesh internet connection speed 68 times faster than it was before. Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board (BTTB) and more over 100 internet service providers (ISPs) have capacity to serve 150-megabyte per second data rate. Before submarine cable introduced to Bangladesh, ISPs companies were dependent on Singapore based satellite data transfer, which are still very costly. Now BTTB are offering more facilities than the satellite communications at least cost to ISP companies. Earlier Bangladesh had missed to connect with the submarine cable (SEA ME WE 3) with ran through the Bay of Bengal. Basically it happened because of wrong prediction and lacks of practical sense of the government that time (“Submarine and Bangladesh,” March 18, 2006). 4. Pros of Submarine Cable in Bangladesh Submarine cable has carried our communication system so far that it can be compared to any other developed country. This connection changes the dimension of communication environment that it was before in Bangladesh. This technology has brought many facilities like, high bandwidth, fast data transfer, immunity to interference and cross talk, secured and most of all reliable communication system. (a) Reliable CommunicationBangladesh is known as “Country of Rivers”. Unfortunately, Bangladesh is suffering from natural disaster like flood, every year. In rainy season, a huge area goes down under the water as the country is covered by the large numbers of rivers. The excessive rains fade the margin region; as a result, the performance of the satellite connection reduces rapidly. It is also happen that flood or any excessive water levels interference the propagation of satellite signals. These above are minor problems and the major problem that Bangladesh faced was in 1991. Cyclones knocked down several radio towers in Chittagong and whole country was detached from international links. All most every year natural disasters damage our radio towers, which are very expensive for the country like Bangladesh. Fiber optics connection does not require any tower, so it appears as the only one way solution for a continuous and reliable communication system in Bangladesh (Bashar, 2002). (b) Fast Data Transfer Before connected with submarine cable, Bangladesh used Copper wires as the backbone of the whole telecommunication network. Basically, Copper wires like Co-axial and twisted pair cables have less bandwidth than the fiber optics. Its mean copper wires have less data transfer rate than the fiber optics. Fiber optics passes the data at speed of light which is the greatest speed of the planet. (Forouzan, 2006, p. 202) (c) High Bandwidth After connected with the submarine cable, Bangladesh have a 10 gigabyte data transfer capacity a second which has boost the speed 68 times faster than before. Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Company and more than hundreds of ISPs now have 150 megabyte per second, where BTTB alone commands 83 megabyte per second capacity. This high bandwidth speed has boosted our browser speed, so we can share more information in less time (“Submarine and Bangladesh,” March 18, 2006). (d) Less Number of Regenerators Fiber optics covers the maximum transmission distance rather than any transmission medium. Fiber optics can carry signal up to 50 km without any regenerators where the cable Bangladesh used before required regenerators within every 5 km distance. The less number of regenerators saves huge amount money (Forouzan, 2006, p. 202) (e) Immunity to electromagnetic interference and SecurityFiber optics transfers the data in form of light. So, electromagnetic interference cannot affect the fiber optics. As copper transfer the data in form of electric current, by using electromagnetic field, data can be tapped from the cable. But there is no way of tapped the data from the fiber optics cable as it is converting the data in form of light. (Forouzan, 2006, p. 202) (f) Small size and weight An optical fiber is often no wider than the human hair. It is very small in size and less weight than the copper cables. Their size and weight is so convenient that it is not creating any congestion in cities (Basar, 2002). (g) Development in IT Sectors Submarine cable has shaped the future of Information Technology (IT) sectors. In Bangladesh there are many bright students who are interested about IT study. As Bangladesh has just introduced with this technology, we need man power for the maintenance purpose. A little afford in IT training can reduce the number of unemployed youth in the country and fill up the required man power. The demand of computer science and telecommunication study is rapidly increasing as the technology takes us to the new era of technical world. The job market of IT has become most demandable because submarine cable has made the IT sector much wider than before. 5. Cons of Submarine Cable in Bangladesh A word goes “Its easy to gain but hard to maintain.” Yes, Bangladesh has achieved the super highway communication but there are some major problems occurred in maintenance like: lacks of expert for technical support, cost of maintenance and the sabotaged of submarine cable for several times. (a) Lack of expert for technical support As Bangladesh is a new comer in the information highway system, it lacks the sufficient number of experts. After detached 22 times from the submarine cable we face the lacking of experts in Bangladesh (“Sabotaged,” November 14, 2007). As a result, we have to depend on the foreign experts. Lacks of local experts and dependency on foreign experts always takes huge time to recover the system which disrupts our communication system and slash huge amount of revenues of the government. (b) Cost of Maintenance The maintenance cost of submarine cable is a little bit expensive for Bangladesh. To get the continuous support from the submarine cable network, it needs continuous supply of the electricity to turn on the regenerators which are set 50 km apart from each other (Forouzan, 2006, p. 202). As Bangladesh is a less developed country, it is still unable to produce sufficient electricity that it’s needs. On the other hand taking help from the foreign experts increase the maintenance cost a lot. Disruption of several times causes great loss of the revenues. A statistics shows that the disruption deprive the BTTB of revenue of 70,000 US dollars per hour (“Sabotaged,” November 14, 2007). (c) Sabotaged of Submarine Cable Since the installation of the submarine cable in 2006 it has been disrupted for 22 times. Investigation says that BTTB itself shut down the line eight times for maintenance works and there had been seven cases of accidental disruption of the line. The remaining seven are being described as acts of sabotage (“Sabotaged,” November 14, 2007). Some personnel including illegal Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) operators are thought to be involved with the sabotage. Whatever the reasons behind this fact is that it is being snapped for their own interest and government must take steps against the so called disruption. 6. Ways to Prevent From Being Disrupted For getting continuous support of submarine cable connection government should take some steps to prevent the discontinuation of the system. As mentioned early, the cable has been disrupted for 22 times and the major reasons for this event are: 1) Sabotage by culprits. 2) Accidental disruption (a) Prevention from Being Sabotaged If we try to find out reasons behind the disruptions, firstly we see mischief by some self-seeking people. To prevent from being sabotaged special security system should be imposed by the government. Secondly, illegal VOIP operators who are thought may have the connection with the mischief cases should find out and take legal steps against them. Thirdly, if the government is even unable to maintain the sector then the government can give its responsibilities to a non government hand to take care of. (b) Backup Line for Fiber Optics Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board had already proposed to the Power Grid Corporation of Bangladesh (PGCB) to back up its own network in case of any disruption of the network. PGCB has to support the Dhaka-Chittagong-Cox’s Bazar fiber optics of BTTB which is connected with the submarine cable. To obtain the facilities from the PGCB, BTTB have to pay 20 crore taka for five years. For this huge rental cost, the proposal was not implemented yet, but BTTB is expecting the deal will be soon finalize and serves continuous communication to the country. Meanwhile, BTTB is using extra microwave link for back up the service if any occurrences occurs (“PGCB,” November 11, 2007). 7. Tremendous Effect on Economy The advantage and benefits that telecommunication can play a vital role in education, commercial, medical and government activities. In other word, telecommunication can bring a tremendous effect in our national economy. Basically, communication system is one of the most important factors on with economical condition of a country depends. Improving the telecommunication system will reduce the cost of local and international phone calls to and from Bangladesh which enabling Bangladeshis to join the international community. (a) Fiber Optics replaces expensive Satellite communication Before the connection with the fiber optics, more than 100 internet service providers (ISP) were depended on the Singapore based satellite data transfer which is still very costly. Data transfer rate was quite slow and did not support high definition technologies that other side of the world was using by that time (Bashar, 2002). After the end of the long waiting session of fiber optics connection, Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board got the authority of fiber optics when it has become a member of SEA ME WE -4 with 12 other countries. BTTB has 83-megabyte capacity and offering the ISP with lease facilities (“Submarine and Bangladesh,” March 18, 2006). Earlier the rental cost for using satellite based communication ISPs have to paid a huge amount of money to foreign countries but now , such facilities are provided by the BTTB and the rental expense are earned by the BTTB itself. As a result, ISPs are replaced the Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) by fiber optics and the rental revenues are earned by the BTTB are improving our economical condition. (b) Increasing Number of ISP After getting connected to submarine cable the numbers of users are rapidly increasing. Significant improvements in performance of the internet technology influence the people to get connected to the world of communication. Voice and video conferencing, online games, chatting, and steaming videos direct from the internet all are granted as entertainment for the Bangladeshis. The number of users significantly increasing day by day which influence the ISP’s market grows. ISP has become one of the most profitable businesses in Bangladesh. At the very beginning journey of internet, the users of internet were few because of the high rate of internet access cost. Due to submarine cable’s support, ISPs are providing internet access cost at a minimum rate, so the number of users has increased noticeably. (c) Effects of IT on Economy Submarine cable has developed the IT sector of Bangladesh. The increasing number of ISPs provides the IT related jobs in Bangladesh which can reduce the numbers of unemployed. Many foreign companies are interested for investment to establish IT-enabled value added service like e-banking, call center, tele-medicine, and distance education at overseas universities. A rich IT sector can take a sleepy economy to an optimum state. In particular our neighbor country, India has achieved a tremendous success on its economy by the strong backing of IT industries. Requirements of Software experts and Electronics and Telecommunication engineers are mostly preferable. IT related education and training institutes are rapidly growing to fulfill the needs. 8. Conclusion Introduction of submarine cable network in Bangladesh is obviously a great achievement. It is a reliable communication system for Bangladesh, so far has made a great development of our IT sectors, taken our country in the home of information and boosting our economy through its fastest data transfer rate, increasing the number of ISP operators. It is a matter of great regret that our submarine cable network has disrupted a number of times by accidents or sabotages and we the Bangladeshi should take a proper care of this asset and make the best use of it. ReferencesBashar, S. A.(October 12, 2002). Fiber optic telecommunications in the context of Bangladesh. Retrieved November 20, 2007, from http://www.betelco.com/bd/bdstel/dstar.pdf Forouzan, B. A. (2006). Transmission media. Data communication and networking (4th ed.). (pp. 191- 212). New York: Tata McGraw- Hill. PGCB (November 11, 2007). BTTB to strike deal with PGCB on use of fiber optic cable. Retrieved December 16, 2007, from http://www.groundreport.com/article.php?articleID=2837837 Sabotaged. (November 14, 2007). Submarine cable link ‘sabotaged’ again. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from http://www.bangladeshnews.com.bd/2007/11/14/submarine-cable-link-sabotaged-again/ Submarine, and Bangladesh (November 14, 2007). Bangladesh finally logs on to submarine cable. Retrieved from http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=9046 Appendix A Refraction of Light The direction of light propagation can be changed at the boundary of two media having different densities. This property is called refraction, and is illustrated in the following figure for the boundary between air and water. 
The apparent and actual positions of the fish differ because the direction of light propagation has been changed as light passes from the more dense water into the less dense air. If we adopt the convention that the light passes from medium 1 into medium 2, the general rule is that the refraction is • Away from the perpendicular if medium 2 is less dense than medium 1 • Toward the perpendicular if medium 2 is more dense than medium 1 Thus, in the above example the refraction is away from the perpendicular because air is less dense than water. Such effects form the basis of the refracting telescope, and of optical devices using lenses in general. Appendix B About SEA ME WE-4 The South East Asia-Middle East-West Europe 4 (SEA-ME-WE 4) project is the fourth project in the SEA-ME-WE series. On 27th March 2004, a consortium of 16 international telecommunications companies signed construction and maintenance agreements for the new optical fibre submarine cable system linking South East Asia to Europe via the Indian Sub-Continent and Middle East with Terminal Stations in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Italy, Tunisia, Algeria and France. The contract is being awarded jointly to Alcatel Submarine Networks, France and Fujitsu Ltd., Japan and the estimated project cost is of the order of US$ 500 million. The total length of the SEA-ME-WE 4 submarine cable system will span approximately 20,000 km which consists of the main backbone across the Eastern and Western worlds plus the extension links in various countries. The project will support telephone, internet, multimedia and various broadband data applications. The SEA-ME-WE 4 submarine cable will benefit hundreds of millions of people communicating along the route between Singapore, France and beyond. The construction of this cable system is testimony to the growing demand for high capacity broadband links that are essential in today’s world of high speed international connectivity and online business. Many developing markets are expected to see strong growth in the short term as efforts are made to improve and expand the broadband technology infrastructure.
Submarine Cable Map
TeleGeography’s popular Submarine Cable Map has been fully updated for 2010. The latest edition of our map depicts 111 of the world’s major submarine cable systems and 19 planned systems that are due to enter service by 2011.
Cable Landing Sites
Insets provide detailed information about submarine cable landing sites in critical regions including New York/New Jersey, Southern Florida, Cornwall, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Singapore.
Key Industry Data
Information graphics and tables present a wealth of data about cable networks and the state of the submarine cable industry. The 2010 Submarine Cable Map includes the following tables and graphics:
- Map of global lit submarine cable capacity (shown below)
- Submarine cable constructions costs (1997-2011)
- A comparison of lit versus potential capacity on major submarine cable routes (Trans-Atlantic, Trans-Pacific, U.S.-Latin America, Intra-Asia, Europe-Asia)
- STM-1 price trends on key intercontinental routes (2005-2009)
- A comparison of the lit capacity of active systems
- Graphic analyzing trans-Atlantic capacity utilization
- Regional capacity growth (1999-2009)
- Table of active intra-regional European cable systems
- Summary of planned submarine cable systems
Data presented in the map is drawn from TeleGeography’s authoritative Global Bandwidth Research Service and Global Bandwidth Forecast Service.
The map is printed on Yupo, a high quality synthetic material, and measures 36" x 50" (0.9m x 1.2m). The map is available flat and shipped in a tube (recommended for framing or hanging on a wall) or folded (for more convenient storage and transportation). Heat mounting is not recommended.
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21 February Bangladesh
21 February (8 Falgun in the Bengali calendar) was International Mother Language Day (Martyrs' Day) since 2000. 21 February was proclaimed the International Mother Language Day by UNESCO on 17 November 1999. Its ceremony was also formally recognized by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution establishing 2008 as the International Year of Languages.
International Mother Language Day originated as the international recognition of Language Movement Day, which has been commemorated in Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) since 1952, when a number of Dhaka university students were killed by the Pakistani police and army in Dhaka during the Bengali Language Movement. International Mother Language Day is observed yearly by UNESCO member states and at its headquarters to promote linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism.
On 21 March 1948, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the Governor General of Pakistan, declared that Urdu would be the only official language for both West and East Pakistan. The people of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), whose main language is Bengali, started to protest against this. On 21 February 1952, (8 Falgun 1359 in the Bengali calendar), students in the present day capital city of Dhaka called for a provincial strike. The government invoked a limited curfew to prevent this and the protests were tamed down so as to not break the curfew. The Pakistani police fired on the students despite these peaceful protests and a number of students were killed.
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